Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Anti-Proliferative Activities of Essential Oils of Rosmarinus officinalis from five Different Sites in Palestine

The chemical profiles of Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oils, collected from five distinct geographical regions in Palestine, were determined using GC-MS. major phytochemical classes R. EOs monoterpene hydrocarbon (24.81–78.75%) and oxygenated monoterpenoids (19.01–73.78%), with 1,8-cineole (4.81–37.83%), α-pinene (13.07–51.36%), camphor (11.95–24.30%) being the most abundant components studied oils. Using DPPH assay, antioxidant activity revealed that EO Jenin region had highest activity, an IC50 value 10.23 ± 0.11 µg/mL, followed by samples Tulkarm (IC50 = 37.15 2.3 µg/mL) Nablus (IC50= 38.9 0.45 µg/mL). With MICs 12.5, 6.25, 6.25 µg/mL against MRSA, S. aureus, E. coli, K. pneumonia, P. vulgaris, respectively, extracted Palestine greatest antibacterial activity. Furthermore, demonstrated stronger anti-candida action than pharmaceutical formulation Fluconazole, 0.781, 1.56 respectively.